Rosh Hashanah

, some of them act as witnesses and some as judges. This is the view of R. Tarfon. R. Akiba says: They all act as witnesses, and a witness cannot act as a judge’? — You may say that our Mishnah agrees even with R. Akiba. R. Akiba meant this rule to apply only to capital cases, in regard to which the All-Merciful enjoined, the congregation shall judge . . . and the congregation shall deliver1 and since they have seen him slay a person, they cannot find any defence for him. But in this case even R. Akiba would agree [that a witness may act as judge]. MISHNAH. ALL KINDS OF SHOFAR2 MAY BE USED EXCEPT [ONE MADE FROM THE HORN] OF A COW, BECAUSE IT IS [PROPERLY] KEREN.3 SAID R. JOSE: ARE NOT ALL SHOFARS CALLED ‘KEREN’ AS IT SAYS, WHEN THEY MAKE A LONG BLAST WITH THE RAM'S KEREN [HORN]?4 GEMARA. R. Jose was surely quite right. What can the Rabbis reply? — That all shofars are called both shofar and keren, whereas that of a cow is called keren but is not called shofar, as it is written, His firstling bullock, majesty is his, and his horns [karnaw] are as the horns of a re'em.5 What says R. Jose to this? — He can reply that that of a cow is also called shofar as it is written, And it shall please the Lord better than a bullock [shor par]6 that hath horns and hoofs.7 Now if ‘shor’ is mentioned here why ‘par’, and if ‘par’ why ‘shor’?8 The fact is that shor par is equivalent to shofar.9 And the Rabbis? — They adopt the explanation of R. Mattenah; for R. Mattenah said: What is meant by shor par? A shor which is as full-grown as a par.10 ‘Ulla said: The reason of the Rabbis is to be found in the saying of R. Hisda; for R. Hisda said: Why does not the High Priest enter the inner precincts11 in garments of gold12 to perform the service there? Because the accuser may not act as defender.13 Is that so? What of the blood of the bullock?14 — Seeing that this has been transformed,15 the objection to it is removed.16 But what of the ark, with the mercy-seat and the cherub?17 — What we say is that the sinner should not bring near the offering. But what of the spoon and the censer?18 — What we say is that the sinner should not adorn himself. But what of the garments of gold [which he wore] in the outer sanctuary? — We speak of [ministrations In the] inner precincts. The shofar also is [used] in the outer precincts? — Since its purpose is to awaken remembrance, it is as if it were [used] within. But the Tanna says BECAUSE IT IS [PROPERLY] KEREN? — He mentioned [only] an additional reason:19 one reason is because the accuser cannot act as defender, and the other is because it is keren. What says R. Jose to this? — His answer is: Your statement that the accuser cannot act as defender applies only to the inner precincts, and this shofar is [used] in the outer precincts. And as for your statement that this shofar is keren, all shofars are likewise called keren. Abaye said: The reason of the Rabbis is that the All-Merciful prescribed ‘a shofar’, and not two or three shofars, and the one made from a cow's horn being in layers20 looks like two or three shofars. But the Tanna says, BECAUSE IT IS PROPERLY KEREN? — He stated [only] an additional reason:19 one reason is that the All-Merciful prescribed one shofar, and not two or three shofars, and another reason is that it is keren. What then says R. Jose to this? — He can reply: With regard to your statement that the All-Merciful prescribed one shofar and not two or three shofar, since the layers are closely joined together, it is really one, and as for your statement that it is keren, all shofars are likewise called keren. What proof is there that the word yobel here21 means ram? — As it has been taught: R. Akiba said: When I went to Arabia, they used to call a ram yobla. R. Akiba further said: When I went to Gallia, they used to call a niddah22 ‘galmudah’.23 How galmudah? — [As much as to say], gemulah da [this one is isolated] from her husband. R. Akiba further said: When I went to Africa, they used to call a ma'ah24 ‘kesitah’. What is the practical importance of this? — For explaining [the Scriptural expression] a hundred kesitah;25 it means, a hundred danki.26 Rabbi said: When I went to the sea-ports, they called mekirah [selling] ‘kirah’. What is the practical importance of this? — To explain [the Scriptural expression] asher karithi.27 R. Simeon b. Lakish said: When I went to the district of Ken Nishraya,28 they used to call a bride ninfe and a cock sekvi. ‘A bride ninfe’:29 where do we find this in Scripture? Yefeh nof,30 the joy of the whole earth.31 ‘A cock sekvi’: Rab Judah said in the name of Rab, or, if you prefer,32 of R. Joshua b. Levi: Where do we find this in the Scripture? Who hath put wisdom in the tuhoth,33 or who hath given understanding to the sekvi?34 ‘Who hath put wisdom in the tuhoth’ — these are the reins; ‘or who hath given understanding to the sekvi’ — this is the cock. In a certain place which Levi happened to visit, a man came before him and said used for proclaiming the Jubilee. The Psalmist also says (Ps. LXXXI, 4), Blow ye the shofar on the new moon. cow's horn, though similar to a shofar in all respects, is properly called keren (lit. ‘horn’) the shofar). Holies and all his other appurtenances there were regarded as propitiatory. reason as gold.