Niddah — Daf 2a

מתני׳ שמאי אומר כל הנשים דיין שעתן הלל אומר מפקידה לפקידה ואפילו לימים הרבה

וחכ"א לא כדברי זה ולא כדברי זה אלא מעת לעת ממעטת על יד מפקידה לפקידה ומפקידה לפקידה ממעטת על יד מעת לעת

כל אשה שיש לה וסת דיה שעתה והמשמשת בעדים הרי זו כפקידה וממעטת על יד מעת לעת ועל יד מפקידה לפקידה

כיצד דיה שעתה היתה יושבת במטה ועסוקה בטהרות ופרשה וראתה היא טמאה והן טהורות

אע"פ שאמרו מטמאה מעת לעת אינה מונה אלא משעה שראתה

גמ׳ מאי טעמיה דשמאי קסבר העמד אשה על חזקתה ואשה בחזקת טהורה עומדת והלל כי אמר העמד דבר על חזקתו היכא דלית ליה ריעותא מגופיה אבל איתתא

MISHNAH. SHAMMAI RULED: FOR ALL WOMEN  IT SUFFICES [TO RECKON] THEIR [PERIOD OF UNCLEANNESS FROM THE] TIME [OF THEIR DISCOVERING THE FLOW].  HILLEL RULED: [THEIR PERIOD OF UNCLEANNESS IS TO BE RECKONED RETROSPECTIVELY] FROM THE [PREVIOUS] EXAMINATION TO THE [LAST] EXAMINATION,  EVEN [IF THE INTERVAL EXTENDED] FOR MANY DAYS. THE SAGES, HOWEVER, RULED: [THE LAW IS] NEITHER IN AGREEMENT WITH THE OPINION OF THE FORMER  NOR IN AGREEMENT WITH THAT OF THE LATTER,  BUT [THE WOMEN ARE DEEMED TO HAVE BEEN UNCLEAN] DURING [THE PRECEDING] TWENTY-FOUR HOURS  WHEN THIS  LESSENS THE PERIOD FROM THE [PREVIOUS] EXAMINATION TO THE [LAST] EXAMINATION, AND DURING THE PERIOD FROM THE [PREVIOUS] EXAMINATION TO THE [LAST] EXAMINATION WHEN THIS  LESSENS THE PERIOD OF TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. FOR ANY WOMAN WHO HAS A SETTLED PERIOD IT SUFFICES [TO RECKON HER PERIOD OF UNCLEANNESS FROM] THE TIME SHE DISCOVERS THE FLOW: AND IF A WOMAN USES TESTING-RAGS WHEN  SHE HAS MARITAL INTERCOURSE, THIS IS INDEED  LIKE AN EXAMINATION WHICH LESSENS EITHER THE PERIOD OF THE [PAST] TWENTY-FOUR HOURS OR THE PERIOD FROM THE [PREVIOUS] EXAMINATION TO THE [LAST] EXAMINATION. HOW [IS ONE TO UNDERSTAND THE RULING THAT]  IT SUFFICES [TO RECKON HER PERIOD OF UNCLEANNESS FROM] THE TIME SHE DISCOVERS THE FLOW'? IF SHE WAS SITTING ON A BED AND WAS OCCUPIED WITH RITUALLY CLEAN OBJECTS  AND, HAVING LEFT THEM, OBSERVED A FLOW, SHE IS RITUALLY UNCLEAN WHILE THE OBJECTS  REMAIN RITUALLY CLEAN. ALTHOUGH THEY  HAVE LAID DOWN THAT SHE  CONVEYS UNCLEANNESS FOR A PERIOD OF TWENTY-FOUR HOURS [RETROSPECTIVELY]  SHE COUNTS [THE SEVEN DAYS OF HER MENSTRUATION]  ONLY FROM THE TIME SHE OBSERVED THE FLOW. GEMARA. What is Shammai's reason?  — He is of the opinion that a woman  should be presumed to enjoy  her usual status, and the status of the woman  was one of cleanness.  And Hillel?  — When is it said that an object is presumed to possess its usual status? Only when the unfavourable condition  is not internal;  but as regards a woman,

MISHNAH. SHAMMAI RULED: FOR ALL WOMEN  IT SUFFICES [TO RECKON] THEIR [PERIOD OF UNCLEANNESS FROM THE] TIME [OF THEIR DISCOVERING THE FLOW].  HILLEL RULED: [THEIR PERIOD OF UNCLEANNESS IS TO BE RECKONED RETROSPECTIVELY] FROM THE [PREVIOUS] EXAMINATION TO THE [LAST] EXAMINATION,  EVEN [IF THE INTERVAL EXTENDED] FOR MANY DAYS. THE SAGES, HOWEVER, RULED: [THE LAW IS] NEITHER IN AGREEMENT WITH THE OPINION OF THE FORMER  NOR IN AGREEMENT WITH THAT OF THE LATTER,  BUT [THE WOMEN ARE DEEMED TO HAVE BEEN UNCLEAN] DURING [THE PRECEDING] TWENTY-FOUR HOURS  WHEN THIS  LESSENS THE PERIOD FROM THE [PREVIOUS] EXAMINATION TO THE [LAST] EXAMINATION, AND DURING THE PERIOD FROM THE [PREVIOUS] EXAMINATION TO THE [LAST] EXAMINATION WHEN THIS  LESSENS THE PERIOD OF TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. FOR ANY WOMAN WHO HAS A SETTLED PERIOD IT SUFFICES [TO RECKON HER PERIOD OF UNCLEANNESS FROM] THE TIME SHE DISCOVERS THE FLOW: AND IF A WOMAN USES TESTING-RAGS WHEN  SHE HAS MARITAL INTERCOURSE, THIS IS INDEED  LIKE AN EXAMINATION WHICH LESSENS EITHER THE PERIOD OF THE [PAST] TWENTY-FOUR HOURS OR THE PERIOD FROM THE [PREVIOUS] EXAMINATION TO THE [LAST] EXAMINATION. HOW [IS ONE TO UNDERSTAND THE RULING THAT]  IT SUFFICES [TO RECKON HER PERIOD OF UNCLEANNESS FROM] THE TIME SHE DISCOVERS THE FLOW'? IF SHE WAS SITTING ON A BED AND WAS OCCUPIED WITH RITUALLY CLEAN OBJECTS  AND, HAVING LEFT THEM, OBSERVED A FLOW, SHE IS RITUALLY UNCLEAN WHILE THE OBJECTS  REMAIN RITUALLY CLEAN. ALTHOUGH THEY  HAVE LAID DOWN THAT SHE  CONVEYS UNCLEANNESS FOR A PERIOD OF TWENTY-FOUR HOURS [RETROSPECTIVELY]  SHE COUNTS [THE SEVEN DAYS OF HER MENSTRUATION]  ONLY FROM THE TIME SHE OBSERVED THE FLOW. GEMARA. What is Shammai's reason?  — He is of the opinion that a woman  should be presumed to enjoy  her usual status, and the status of the woman  was one of cleanness.  And Hillel?  — When is it said that an object is presumed to possess its usual status? Only when the unfavourable condition  is not internal;  but as regards a woman,