Bava Metzia — Daf 16b

משום כדי חייו

אמר רב הונא אמר רב האומר לחברו שדה שאני לוקח לכשאקחנה קנויה לך מעכשיו קנה

אמר רבא מסתברא מלתא דרב בשדה סתם אבל בשדה זו לא מי יימר דמזבין לה ניהליה

והאלהים אמר רב אפי' בשדה זו מכדי רב כמאן אמרה לשמעתי' כר"מ דאמר אדם מקנה דבר שלא בא לעולם

דתניא האומר לאשה התקדשי לי לאחר שאתגייר לאחר שתתגיירי (קידושין סו ב) לאחר שאשתחרר לאחר שתשתחררי לאחר שימות בעליך לאחר שיחלוץ לך יבמיך (דברים כה, ה) לאחר שתמות אחותיך (ויקרא יח, יח) אינה מקודשת

ר"מ אומר מקודשת

והא אשה כשדה זו דמיא וא"ר מאיר מקודשת:

אמר שמואל המוצא שטר הקנאה בשוק יחזירו לבעלים דאי משום דכתב ללות ולא לוה הא שעבד נפשיה ואי משום פרעון לא חיישינן לפרעון דאם איתא דפרעיה מקרע הוה קרע ליה

אמר רב נחמן אבא מן ספרי דייני דמר שמואל הוה והוינא כבר שיתא כבר שבע ודכרנא דהוו מכרזי ואמרי הני שטרי אקנייתא דמשתכחי בשוקא נהדרינהו למרייהו

אמר רב עמרם אף אנן תנינא כל מעשה בית דין הרי זה יחזיר אלמא לא חיישינן לפירעון א"ל רבי זירא מתניתין בשטרי חלטאתא ואדרכתא דלאו בני פרעון נינהו

אמר רבא והני לאו בני פרעון נינהו והא אמרי נהרדעי שומא הדר עד תריסר ירחי שתא ואמר אמימר אנא מנהרדעא אנא וסבירא לי דשומא הדר לעולם

אלא אמר רבא התם היינו טעמא דאמרי איהו הוא דאפסיד אנפשיה דבעידנא דפרעיה אבעי ליה למקרעיה לשטריה א"נ למכתב שטרא אחרינא עילויה

דמדינא ארעא לא בעיא למיהדר ומשום (דברים ו, יח) ועשית הישר והטוב בעיני ה' הוא דאמור רבנן תהדר הלכך מרישא הוא דקא זבין איבעי ליה למכתב שטר זביני

גבי שטר חוב מאי איכא למימר אם איתא דפרעיה איבעי ליה למיקרעיה לשטריה אימור אשתמוטי קא משתמיט ליה דא"ל למחר יהבנא לך דהשתא ליתיה גבאי אי נמי אפשיטי דספרא זייר ליה:

א"ר אבהו א"ר יוחנן המוצא שטר חוב בשוק אע"פ שכתוב בו הנפק לא יחזירו לבעלים

לא מיבעיא היכא דלא כתוב בו הנפק דאיכא למימר כתב ללות ולא לוה אלא אפי' כתוב בו הנפק ומאי ניהו דמקוים לא יחזיר דחיישינן לפרעון

איתיביה רבי ירמיה לר' אבהו כל מעשה ב"ד הרי זה יחזיר א"ל ירמיה ברי לא כל מעשה ב"ד שוים אלא כגון שהוחזק כפרן

אמר רבא ומשום דהוחזק כפרן חדא זמנא תו לא פרע כלל אלא אמר רבא מתניתין בשטר חלטאתא ואדרכתא וכדרבי זירא

וכפרן הואיל ואתא לידן נימא ביה מלתא דאמר רב יוסף בר מניומי אמר רב נחמן אמרו לו צא תן לו

— because of the need to support himself.  R. Huna said in the name of Rab: If one says to his neighbour: 'The field which I am about to buy shall, when I have bought it, be sold to you from now,' [the neighbour] acquires it.  Raba said: It stands to reason that Rab's decision is right [when applied to a case where the seller refers] to a field in general, but in [a case where the seller points out the land sold by saying] 'this field' [it would] not [be right, for] who can say whether [the owner of that field] will sell it to him?  But — by God! Rab himself did maintain that even when [the seller says] 'this field' [the sale is valid], seeing that Rab stated his law in accordance with [the view of] R. Meir, who said that a man may convey [to another person] a thing which has not yet come into existence, as it has been taught: If one says to a woman: Be betrothed to me after I shall become a proselyte, [or,] after thou shalt become a proselyte, [or,] after I shall be set free, [or,] after thou shalt be set free, [or,] after thy husband will have died, [or,] after thy brother-in-law will have given thee halizah,  [or] after thy sister will have died, [the woman] is not betrothed.  R. Meir says: She is betrothed.  Now, the woman [in this case] is like 'this field,'  and [yet] R. Meir says that she is betrothed. Samuel said: If one finds a deed of transfer  in the street one shall return it to the owners.  For even if [this were objected to] on the ground that [the deed] may have been written for the purpose of a loan and the loan may [in fact] not have been granted [the objection would not be valid] because [the borrower] pledged himself.  And if [this were objected to] on the ground that [the loan] may [in the meantime] have been repaid [the objection would not be valid either] because we are not afraid of repayment [having taken place], as [we assume that] if [the borrower] had repaid [the loan] he would have torn up [the deed]. R. Nahman said: My father was among the scribes of Mar Samuel's court when I was about six or seven years old, and I remember that they used to proclaim: 'Deeds of transfer which are found in the street should be returned to their owners.' R. Amram said: We have also learned so [in a Mishnah]: All documents executed by a court of law shall be returned [when found],  which shows that we are not afraid of repayment. [But] R. Zera said to him: Our Mishnah treats of documents containing decrees of the Court which confirm the creditor's right to belongings appropriated from the debtor,  and of documents authorising a creditor to search for the debtor's belongings and to seize them wherever they may be found,  which [documents] are not concerned with repayment. Raba [then] said: And are not such [documents] concerned with repayment? Have not the Nehardeans  said: [Property assigned in] valuation  returns [to the debtor] until [the end of] twelve months,  and Amemar said: I am from Nehardea and I am of the opinion that the [property assigned in] valuation always returns?  Therefore Raba said: There  the reason  is this: we say: He has himself to blame for the loss, for at the time when he paid [the debt] he should have torn up the document, or he should have [asked for] another document to be written [entitling him to claim the property], as according to law [the creditor] need not return the property], and it is only because [of the command], And thou shalt do that which is right and good in the sight of the Lord  that the Rabbis declared that it should be returned: therefore he [the debtor] is [in the position of one who is] buying [the property] anew, and he ought to ask for a deed of sale to be written [and given to him].  [But] in regard to a note of indebtedness,  what may be argued [in favour of the return thereof is] that if it had been paid he should have torn up the note?  [To this] I say: He [the creditor] may have given an excuse by telling him [the debtor], 'I shall give it to you to-morrow, as I have not got it with me just now,' or he [the creditor] may have kept it back until he is refunded the scribe's fee. R. Abbahu said in the name of R. Johanan: If one finds a note of indebtedness in the street, even if it contains the endorsement of the Court,  it shall not be returned to the owners: It is undoubtedly so when it does not contain the endorsement of the Court, as it may then be said that it was written for the purpose of a loan, and that [in fact] the loan was not granted. But even if it does contain the endorsement of the Court, which means that it is officially confirmed,  it shall not be returned, because we are afraid that [the loan] may [in the meantime] have been repaid. R. Jeremiah objected [to the ruling of] R. Abbahu [from the following Mishnah]: 'All documents executed by a Court of Law shall be returned [when found]'? [R. Abbahu] answered him: Jeremiah my son, not all documents executed by a court of law are alike! Indeed, [the Mishnah refers to a case where the debtor] has been found to be a liar.  Raba [then] said: And because he has been found to be lying once [must it be assumed] that he would not pay [his debts] any more?  — Therefore Raba said: Our Mishnah treats of a document containing a decree of the Court which confirms the creditor's right to belongings appropriated from the debtor, and of a document authorising a creditor to search for the debtor's belongings and to seize them wherever they may be found — and in accordance with [the interpretation of] R. Zera [given above].  As we have just dealt with the case of [one who was found to be] a liar, we shall say something [more] about it. For R. Joseph b. Manyumi said in the name of R. Nahman: If they [the members of the Court] said to him [the debtor], 'Go [and] give him [what you owe him];'